Samatha means tranquility or concentration (Samadhi) that calms down the heat of defilements such as greed (lobha). When a wording contemplates rapidly on a meditation object, his mind gradually becomes concentrated on the object. At that time, defilements such as greed (lobha), anger (dosa), do not arise and his mind will be peaceful and tranquil. Such tranquility is called samatha.
In general, samatha means all meditations, which calm down the heat of defilements, turbulent minds and lower coarse Jhana factor.
In the universe, there are no persons, beings and things but only mind and matter. The knowledge, which can discern significantly the characteristics of impermanence (anicca), unsatisfactoriness (dukka) and insubstantiality (anatta), etc, is called Insight Meditation (vipassana). Those who lack Insight Knowledge regard the combination of mind and matter as human being, celestial being, Brahma, man, woman, etc, and the combination of corporeal entities as houses, schools, rest-houses, trees, forests, mountains, etc. The also miscomprehend these beings and things to be permanent (nicca), Satisfactory (sukha), substantial (atta) and pleasant (subha).read more
Although the blind wordings think so, a virtuous person who has practised Insight meditation penetratively knows that all beings and things are the aggregates of physical and mental phenomena, and that they are impermanent (anicca), unsatisfactory (dukkha), insubstantial (anatta) and loathsome (asubha). Such knowledge is called vipassana.
In Buddhism, the nature of mental development - bhavana is of utmost importance, because without bhavana one cannot discipline or develop one’s mind. If so, one can never attain even a stage of concentration (samadhi); in consequence, one would certainly find it very hard to see things as they really are. Therefore, in order to attain supreme wisdom the practice of Buddhism, in actuality, wholly concerns one with the inner realm; i.e., maturity or purity of mind through the nature of mental development or meditation.
As for man, who is in nature composed of mind and body, mind is the leading factor that guides him to perform either good or bad deeds, bodily, verbally and mentally Regarding this, the Buddha taught in the Dhammapada, “Mind is the forerunner of all mental states; mind is their chief and they are mind-made."[1] So, in order to develop one’s mind, to mature one’s inner realm or to attain the higher mental states, mental development or cultivation (bhavana) is indispensable for all individuals at all times. [1] Dhp . 1
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